My Mother at Sixty-Six;NCERT Solutions and Summary for Class 12

                    My Mother at Sixty-Six

                                             -Kamala Das

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Summary:

"My Mother at Sixty-Six" by Kamala Das is a brief portrayal of her sudden realization that her mother has grown old and may leave her forever soon.The poet shares her feelings through the poem.

Stanza-#1:"Driving from .... but soon"

Once the poet had went to visit her mother.While  returning,she was on her way to the airport to catch a flight back to Cochin.She saw her mother beside her.Her mother was already fast asleep.Her ageing face was smoky in colour like ash and this made the poet think about her mother.While sleeping,her mouth was wide open and she resembled a dead body.The poet realised that her mother was already old.She was pained to see her like that and felt genuine sympathy for her.She could already comprehend that her mother needed love,affection and care.However,all this made her feel gloomy and for a change in mood,she looked out of the car window.

Stanza-#2:"put that .... few yards"

In order to come out of her gloom,the poet shifted her glance and looked out of the car's window.There she saw young trees which seemed like sprinting at a fast pace.She also saw many little children running out of their houses into the playgrounds.All these were in deep contrast to the fact that her mother was rapidly ageing with every passing day.The young trees and children symbolised energy,life and happiness while her mother was listless and pale.While she was in deep thought,they had already reached the airport.At the airport security check,when the poet was about to leave,she glanced at her mother.

Stanza-#3:"away,I .... and smile......"

Her mother appeared weak just like the moon in the winter season which seems to have lost all its strength and glory.She again felt that familiar ache and that fear of losing her dear mother like in her childhood days.As a child,she was always very apprehensive that her mother may leave her at any point of time.At this point of time in life,her fears were just going to materialize as her mother was about to die soon.However,she didn't unveil her feelings and stayed strong.She smiled and bid her farewell soon.She told her that she would be seeing her soon.She wanted her mother to live long so that they could meet each other.

Difficult Words:

1)Doze:A short and light sleep.

2)Ashen:(Here) Very pale.

3)Corpse:A dead body.

4)Sprinting:(Here)To grow rapidly.

5)Spilling:(Here)Moving out in great numbers.

6)Wan:Unnaturally pale,as from physical or emotional distress.

7)Ache:Pain.

Rhyme Scheme:

Free Verse

Poetic Devices:

1)Simile:"face ashen like a corpse"

               "as a late winter's moon"

2)Personification:"trees sprinting"

3)Repetition:"smile and smile and smile"

4)Metaphor:"children spilling"

For the definition of these literary devices,please visit our blog:

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About Author:

Kamala Das, popularly known as 'Madhavikutty' was an Indian post in English as well as in Malayalam. She was born on 31st of March in 1934 and died on 31st of May in 2009.Her popularity in Kerela is based chiefly on her short stories but at the same time she was a widely read columnist and wrote on various social stories such as women, children and politics among others.

NCERT Questions:

A)Think it out.

1)The emotional pain and ache the poet feels is due to the realization that her mother has gone old and has become frail and pale like a corpse. Any moment she could leave for her heavenly abode. She is deeply pained to see her mother who had already lost all her enthusiasm and energy for life.

2)The young trees are personified in the poem. As the poet was travelling in the car along with her mother, the trees seemed to move in the opposite direction with a rapid pace. To the poet's eyes, they are full of energy and enthusiasm whereas her mother was asleep with her mouth wide open as a corpse. The movement of the trees is in stark contrast with the stillness associated with the mother.

3)The poet highlights the helplessness and fraility of old age with the help of contrasts.Her mother dozed off with her mouth wide open completely still.In a striking contrast to this, the children come out in large numbers from their houses to play, signify movement,energy and enthusiasm.

4)The poet compares her mother to the late winter's moon which is dull and shrouded in order to highlight her listlessness and lack of enthusiasm Like the winter moon wans away, the phrase symbolizes the ebbing away of life. This highlights the fact that her end is approaching fast.

5)The parting words 'see you soon Amma' used by the poet to reassure herself as she was of the opinion that her mother's end is approaching fast. The poet has already accepted the reality yet she keeps up her smile to make her seem strong.The poet has used 'repetition' as a literary device as putting this brave front requires a lot of effort.

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Fire and Ice;NCERT Solutions and Summary for Class 10

                                                                                                                     Fire and Ice

                                         - Robert Frost

                                           

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Summary:

The poem "Fire and Ice" by Robert Frost talks and discusses at length why and how the world will perish.The concept he debates here is how the world will perish.It is centered around the theme of "apocalypse".

The poet thinks that the world would perish due to fire.In the poem,"Fire" signifies deep rooted desire,avarice and lust.The poet thinks that these will definitely destroy the world completely.

However,at the same time,he thinks that if the world had to perish twice,"Ice"would be the reason.In the poem,"Ice" signifies human hatred, indifference,insensitivity and coldness.He thinks "Ice" as a driving force would also be sufficient as to devastate the world.

Difficult Words:

1)Tasted:Experienced.

2)Perish:Destroy.

3)Suffice:To be sufficient.

Rhyme Scheme:

abaa bcbcb

Poetic Devices:

1)Metaphor:The whole poem where "Fire" and                             "Ice" signifies other human vices.

2)Alliteration:'the world will','some say' and                                       'favour fire' are some examples of                                 alliteration in  the poem.

For the definition of these literary devices,please visit our blog:

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About Author:

Robert Lee Frost (March 26, 1874 – January 29, 1963) was an American poet.Known for his realistic depictions of rural life,he was honored frequently during his lifetime and is the only poet to receive four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry.

NCERT Questions:

A) Thinking about the Poem.

1)There are myraid ways predicting the end of the world.Apocalypse can come in the form of "Fire" or "Ice" Anything which is created must end to give a pathway for the next.Recent climate changes are evident of the the fact that

much of our land is going to be submerged in the water in the near future.All these are pretty scary but we still have not changed and to carry out activities which are destroying our climate.

2)In the poem,"Fire" signifies greed,lust,cruelty,avarice,conflict and fury.On the other hand,"Ice" signifies intolerance, rigidity, insensitivity,coldness,indifference and hatred.According to the poet,these human vices will lead to the destruction of the world.

3)The rhyme scheme is "abaa" for stanza 1 and "bcbcb" for stanza 2.It helps in bringing out the contrasting ideas substantially.It also helps the readers to relate and make the poem sound good.

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Dust of Snow;NCERT Solutions and Summary for Class 10

                              Dust of Snow 

                                             -Robert Frost

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Summary:

The poem 'Dust of Snow' by Robert Frost illustrates how not a single element of nature can bring bad luck to anyone.

One day when he was sad and gloomy sitting beneath a hemlock tree,a crow moved a little and flew away making some snow fall on the poet.

This act gave his mood a change and he lightens up.All his gloominess suddenly disappeared and faded away.He tried to prove that how nature or any element of nature can never be a bad omen for anyone.Nature can provide one the much needed solace and brighten up during the despairing times in one's life.

The poem also gives us the message that insignificant and unimportant things also matter in our life.For instance,an insignificant thing like the snow has given the poet a change so significant.The 'dust of snow' was adequate to lift his mood and he was delightful again.

Difficult Words:

1)Rued:Held in regret

2)Hemlock:A poisonous plant with sma white flowers.

3)Dust of Snow:The fine particles or flakes of snow.

Rhyme Scheme:

abab cdcd

Poetic Devices:

1)Alliteration:"Has given my heart"

                       "And saved some part"

2)Inversion:Stanza 1 where the poet changes                           structure of the sentences.

3)Assonance:"Shook down on me" Here,"O"                                   sound has prominent.

4)Enjambment:Used throughout the poem.

For the definition of these literary devices,please visit our blog:

🛑Blog on Literary devices.

About Author:

Robert Lee Frost (March 26, 1874 – January 29, 1963) was an American poet.Known for his realistic depictions of rural life,he was honored frequently during his lifetime and is the only poet to receive four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry.

NCERT Questions:

A)Thinking about the poem.   

1)"Dust of Snow" on the surface means powdery kind of snow but metaphorically means the insignificant things in life.However,the falling of the small dusts of snow on the poet by the movement of the crow changed his mood.He was gloomy and sad but after this,he was cheered up and his sadness was faded.

2)a)Birds like Cuckoo,Nightingle et cetera are usually found to be mentioned in poems due to the virtue of their singing.No,crows are not generally mentioned in poems or any other form of writing.

Crows are ugly and we in our minds have associated crows with bad omen.

2)b)"a hemlock tree" means a poisonous tree associated with toxicity but metaphorically means a bad symbol.The poet could have mentioned of a more 'beautiful' tree but he intently doesn't do so.He did as to prove his statement that no element of  nature is harmful or unfortunate.

2)c)The "crow" and "hemlock" represent sorrow and ill-fatedness.The "dust of snow" stands for the insignificant things in life.The poet by the means of this poem tries to convince his readers that how even the most insignificant and things associated with negativity and bad luck can conjure up to be something so cheerful and joyous.

3)There has been many phases in my life when I have felt depressed. One instance  was when I was in high school.That day my NTSE result had come out and I had not been able to make it to the provisional list of candidates selected for Level-2.

I was very upset that despite putting some much time for the exam,I was not able to qualify the exam.But then suddenly, my teacher whom I had cursed in my head,came to me and reassured me.The moment was very soothing for me.The same person whom I had thought to be a bad omen for me was there at my crisis providing me the much needed solace.

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A Letter to God;NCERT Solutions and Summary for Class 10

                            A Letter to God

                                               - G.L. Fuentes

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Summary:

This is a story set in Latin America.The central character in the story is Lencho.He is a farmer who barely earns enough to make both ends meet.However,he has unshakeable faith in God.

The story is centered around the fact how much faith a man vests in the Almighty.

Lencho farmed corn in his cropland.In order to get a good harvest,every crop needs water.However,his field were deprived of rain for a long time.He prayed for a little shower if not a downpour for his fields.His prayers were perhaps heard and the shower of rain came.However,soon it changed into a hailstorm and devastating all of Lencho's crops.The field looked like as if it was covered with salt.Not a single crop was left untouched as everything was rendered devastated.

That night everybody was upset.Their was only one hope in all their hearts,that was help from God.

That night Lencho thought deeply.His only hope in this depressing time was God.Next,he did the impossible.He wrote a letter to God.In the letter,he described his dilemma and asked for a hundred pesos so that he could sustain his family till he gets the next harvest.

He himself went to the town to send the letter.He affixed a stamp and dropped the letter  in the mailbox.He had written "To God" on the envelope.

When the postmaster got hold of the letter,he was amazed at the amount of faith the man had in God.He didn't want the man's faith in the Lord to be faded.He decided to give a response to the letter.The postmaster gave a part of his salary,asked his friends to donate,and even his employees donated for the cause.Instead of all of this,he could only raise seventy pesos.

Next week,Lencho visited the post office again.He was handed a letter by the postman.Lencho was not all surprised.His confidence in God was huge.But he became agitated when he counted the money.He again wrote a letter and posted it.

When the postmaster again saw the letter,he was astonished.In the letter,Lencho explained how he had only got seventy pesos.He had asked for the rest but however he had told God not to send it by mail.He described that the post office employees were a bunch of crooks!

Difficult Words:

1)Crest:Top part of something.

2)Downpour:A heavy fall of rain.

3)Regarded:Pay attention to; Heed.

4)Hailstones:A pellet of hail.

5)Hillside:The sloping side of a hill.

6)Plague:A collective noun.

7)Solitary:Isolated

8)Correspondence:Communication

9)Goodwill:Friendly, helpful, or cooperative feelings or attitude.

10)Resolution:A firm decision to do something.

11)Pesos:A currency in circulation in Latin America and some parts of Asia.

12)Affixed:Stick, attach, or fasten something to something else.

13)Fist: A person's hand when the fingers are bent in towards the palm and held there tightly, typically in order to strike a blow or grasp something.

14)Mailbox: A public box in which letters and packages are placed to be collected and sent out.

15)Locusts:Insects which usually destroy crops.

About Author:

Gregorio López Fuentes was a Mexican novelist, poet, and journalist. He was one of the leading chroniclers of the Mexican RevolutionLater on, he became a teacher of literature at a school in Mexico City.His first success was Campamento (Encampment) in 1931.[1] This was followed by Tierra (Earth) in 1932, a novel about the Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata and ¡Mi general! (My General!)

NCERT Questions:

A)Thinking about the Text.

1)Lencho had complete faith in God.He wa always confident that God would help him.The sentences "It was nothing less than a letter to God"."The following Sunday Lencho came a bit earlier" is also evident of the fact that Lencho believed in God.

2)The postmaster sent the money to Lencho because he didn't want the man's faith who had writen this letter wane in God.He even signed it with 'God' as he wanted that the man should realise that God has provided him with assistance.

3)Lencho never made any attempts to find out who had sent the money to him because he had huge faith in God.He was quite certain that God would see his despairing situation and help him.

4)When Lencho received seventy pesos instead of the hundred he had requested,he became disappointed.He thought that the rest of the money was looted by the post office employees.

•The irony in the situation was that the post office employees had actually helped the farmer.However,he was under the impression that the post office employees were a bunch of crooks.

5)I think there are very less people in this world who are like Lencho.Usually,they don't have such huge faith in God.The appropriate word should be 'naive'.

6)These conflicts in the story have been beautifully illustrated by the author.

•The first conflict was when Lencho had expected that the shower will irrigate his fields.So that,he could have got a good harvest.But the opposite happened when the rain changed to hailstorm.It completely destroyed his crops.

•The second conflict was when Lencho calls the post office employees a bunch of crooks.He thought that they had robbed his money which was sent by God.On the contrary, actually they were the ones who had gone out of their ways to help him in his crisis.

B) Thinking about Language.

1)Cyclone

2)Gale

3)Typhoon

4)Tornado

5)Hurricane

6)Whirlwind

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The Last Lesson;NCERT Solutions and Summary for Class 12

                             The Last Lesson

                                                 -Alphonse Daudet

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Summary:

"The Last Lesson" by Alphonse Daudet is a story centered around the theme that their is a certain longing to learn and love one's mother tongue.It also displays the predicament of the people who were colonized as the colonizers took away their fundamental rights.

The story is narrated by a French boy named Franz.He is lazy but sensitive and likes a lot to play.He dislikes studying French and despised his French teacher M.Hamel for his cranky nature.The story is set in an era when Germany had colonised France.

After overpowering the districts of Alsace and Lorraine in France,orders had directly came from Berlin that only German would be taught in the schools instead of French.

One fine day,the narrator was going to his school with a heavy heart,as he had not completed his lessons on "participles".It was a day very fine to waste it in the school but he resisted the temptation and hurried to his school.On his way to the school,he saw a crowd near the bulletin board.He started thinking what was the matter then.Because,all the important announcements,drafts and orders of the commanding officer came directly to the bulletin-board.

The atmosphere near the school was also unusual as the whole place was silent which usually remained active with a lot of hustle-bustle.There was no commotion at all and it felt as silent as a Sunday morning.

He entered the class and went up to his class.He was very disappointed to see all his classmates were seated and Mr.Hamel walking up and down with his terrible iron ruler under his arm.The narrator almost blushed as he had to enter the class in front of everyone.He was expecting to get scolded.

Fortunately,that didn't happen.On the contrary,Mr.Hamel told him to get seated so that they can start.He seated himself but after some moments noticed some unusual things.He saw that Mr.Hamel was dressed in his best attire.He was completely overwhelmed to see that the last few benches were occupied by the villagers.Franz could almost easily sense taht something was solemn about the day.

Then,Mr.Hamel declared something which put his thinking to rest.He sadly proclaimed that this was the last lecture they were attending in which Mr.Hamel would teach them.As the colonizers had made the law that only German would be taught in the schools,he had to leave the place.

He said that he needed everyone's full attention.Surprisingly that day,not a single soul made any kind of noise or created any kind of disturbance.Everybody listened to M.Hamel with rapt attention.He even distributed new copies in the class to every student.He gazed at every object in the class as if he wanted to capture all those precious moments somewhere deep in his mind and heart.

Seeing all this,all the dislike Franz had for Mr.Hamel melted away.He was even repenting that he was not sincere enough towards his studies as now when he heard Mr.Hamel with rapt attention,he could easily understand everything.The villagers had come there to attend the last class of M.Hamel and it was their way of thanking the master for his valuable service of forty years.

Mr.Hamel told the villagers and the students that they are ofren of the opinion that they have a lot of time with them.However,life is very unpredictable and nobody can know what is in store for him or her.We must not keep our work pending as Procrastination can result in an irreparable loss.He also blamed himself and confessed that he also took some time off which has resulted in incomplete imparting of knowledge.

After this,he praised the French language extensively.According to him,French is the most beautiful and logical language in the world.He told his students and the class to guard their language.Being close to one's  language can help in getting released from the shackles of slavery as it is the key.He reassured them that their language can indeed help them in getting free from the Germans.He was already emotional by then.He could not tell anything  more.He just picked up the chalk and wrote on the board-"Vive La France" which meant-"Long Live France".This alone reflected the patriotism he had in her himself.

At this point,Franz realized that it is not possible to take away one's language from a person as it is natural to each being.

Difficult Words:

1)Sawmill:A facility where logs are cut into timber.

2) Prussia:A country in middle-Europe.

3)Drilling: Preparation of soldiers for their performance in war.

4)Bulletin-Board:A sort of notice board intended for posting of public messages.

5)Commanding Officer:An officer in command of a military unit.

6)Blacksmith:A person whose primary occupation is creating objects from metals such as Iron and Steel.

7)Apprentice:A person working under a professional to learn a trade or art.

8)Bustle: Excited activity and movement.

9)Rapping:Strike with a series of rapid audible blows.

10)Blushed:A way of showing embarrassment and shyness by becoming red in the face.

11)Commotion:A state of confused and noisy disturbance.

12)Frilled:A ruffled,gathered or pleated border or projection.

13)Three-Cornered:A triangular shaped thing.

14)Primer:Basic reader of any language.

15)Thumbed: Having been read often and bearing marks of frequent handling.

16)Thunderclap:(Here)Used to represent something unexpected.

17)Saar:A river in France 

18)Reproach: Express someone's disapproval.

19)Hopvine:A twining stem of the hop.

20)Church-Clock:A clock in the church.

21)Angelus:A prayer song in the church.

About Author:

Alphonse Daudet(1840-1897) was a French novelist and short story writer.Formerly,a school teacher,he quit this job to make a living as a journalist in Paris and eventually became a writer.All his poems were collected into a volume called "Les Amoureuses".

NCERT Questions:

A)Think as you read.

Page No.- 06

1)Franz had been assigned with some homework.Moreover,that was the day when he was expected to be  prepared with 'Participles'.

Their teacher M.Hamel had told them that they would be questioned on 'Participles'.

Unfortunately,Franz didn't know anything about 'Participles' and was yet to read about them.

2) Usually when school began,there was a lot of hustle-bustle and a lot of noise in the vicinity.It could easily be heard out on the streets also.But everything seemed silent that day like a Sunday morning.When he reached his class,he could easily sense that the atmosphere was solemn.

3)The bulletin-board was associated with bad news.All the news and orders from the colonizers was published there.This time the order was that only German would be taught in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine.

Page No.- 07

1) Various changes had to be made in accordance to the order from Berlin.M.Hamel who happened to be Franz's French teacher had to leave the school.French would be completely eliminated from their curriculum.Instead of that,German would be taught in the schools.

2)Franz's feelings for his school and his teacher M.Hamel were pretty much dry.He seldom paid any attention to them.However, when he came to know that his teacher was leaving them soon,his feelings underwent a complete change.He was remorseful that he never paid any attention to the lessons taught in the school.He also completely forgot about Mr.Hamel's cranky nature and started to admire him.

B)Understanding the text.

Page No.- 08

1)In Mr.Hamel's last class,he made his students and the villagers realize how precious and significant their native language is.He praised French a lot and admired it by saying how it was the clearest and most logical language in the world.He openly proclaimed that if the current scenario continues,those who called themselves as Frenchman would neither be able to speak or write it.According to him,one's mother tongue is the key to the prison for the enslaved people.Pride in one's language reflects pride in his motherland.

2)This thought of Franz reflects the boy's innocence but also his reaction to the imposition of learning German by the colonnizers.Being deprived of the learning of mother tongue means cutting off all bonds with your motherland which is nothing less than a crime."Teaching the pigeons to sing in German" indicates how far the Germans could go in their attempts at linguistic chauvinism.

C)Talking about the text.

Page No.- 08

1)One's mother tongue helps a person to express his/her feelings and thoughts most lucidly and intimately.Colonizers and conquerors try to subdue and control the people of the enslaved territory by enforcing various harsh measures.Such measures include force and trying to impose their own language.For instance,the Romans conquered many parts of Europe and replaced local languages such as Belgian,Dutch by their own language -"Latin".

2)The linguistic minorities in any state can be4 easily marked and face the same discrimination as the religious and ethnic minorities.As their language is different,they are not easily accepted by the society.On the other hand,some states which are developed such as Delhi and Karnataka are cosmopolitan in their outlook and absorb people irrespective of their background.

•The linguistic minority can take various effective steps to preserve their language,the values associated to it and its heritage.Using the language in social get-togethers, family functions etc can help the millennials get a grasp of the language.Adherence to social customs and traditions in family gatherings and other casual meetings and occasions will also promote unity between members of the linguistic minorities.

3)'Linguistic Chauvinism' means an overtly aggressive and unreasonable belief that your own language is better than others.This shows an excessive or prejudiced support for one's own language.However,sometimes this zealous promotion of one language goes too far resulting in violent conflicts.They tend to forget that other languages too have their own merits and long heritage.For instance,the resistance to the acceptance of Hindi as national language by the Southern states of India is a straight result of the fear of being dominated by Hindi chauvinistic leaders from right-wing leaders and political parties.

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Literary Devices used broadly in English.

Poetic or literary devices can be defined as a wide range of words arranged in a specific method.These are also known as 'ornaments of poem'.All a poet has with him/her are words via which he/she can convey his/her feelings.These words need to be precisely right on several levels at once such as:

I)Sound

II)Meaning

III)Arrangement 

IV)Image-Building

•#SOUNDS of words:

Words or portions of words can be clustered to achieve specific kinds of effects when we hear them or read them.These sounds can strike us as clever and pleasing and sometimes even soothing.

I)Alliteration:Repeated consonant sounds at the beginning of words placed near each other, usually on the same adjacent lines.

II)Assonance:Repeated vowel sounds in words placed near each other,usually on same or adjacent lines.

III)Consonance:Repeated consonant sounds at the ending of words placed near each other, usually on same or adjacent lines.

IV)Cacophony:A discordant series of harsh, unpleasant sounds helps to convey disorder.

V)Euphony:A series of musically pleasant sounds,conveying a sense of beauty to the language.

VI) Onomatopoeia:Words which sound like their meanings.

VII)Repetition:The purposeful re-use of words and phrases for an effect.

VIII)Rhyme:One of the most commonly used literary device,'rhyme' are said to be words that have different beginning sounds but whose endings sound alike, including the final vowel sound and everything following it.

IX)Rhythm:The measured flow of words and phrases in verse or prose as determined by the relation of long and short or stressed or unstressed syllables.

•#MEANINGS of words:

Most words convey several shades of meaning at the same time.It is the poet's job to find words which would be used in relation to others so that the piece of writing would carry the precise intention of thought.

I)Allegory:A representation of an abstract or spiritual meaning.

II)Allusion:A brief reference to some person,historical event,work of art,or Biblical or mythology situation or character.

III)Ambiguity:A word or phrase that can mean more than one thing,even in its context.

IV)Analogy:A comparison,usually something unfamiliar with something familiar.

V)Apostrophe:Speaking directly to a real or imagined listener or inanimate object.

VI)Clichè:Any figure of speech that was once clever and original but through overuse has become outdated.

VII)Connotation:It can be defined as the emotional,psychological or social overtones of a word.

VIII)Contrast:Closely arranged things with strikingly different features.

IX)Denotation:It is the dictionary definition of a word.

X)Euphemism:An understatement ,used to lessen the effect of a outrageous statement.

XI)Hyperbole:An outrageous exaggeration used for an effect.

XII)Irony:A contradictory statement or situation to reveal a reality different from what appears to be true.

XIII)Metaphor:A direct comparison between two unlike things.

XIV)Metonymy:A figure of speech in which a person,place or thing is referred to by something closely associated with it.

XV)Oxymoron:A combination of two words which appear to contradict each other.

XVI)Paradox:A statement in which a seeming contradiction may reveal an unexpected truth.

XVII)Personification:A figure of speech concerned with attributing human characteristics to an inanimate object,animal or abstract idea.

XVIII)Pun:A sort of word-play where words with totally different meanings have similar or identical sounds.

XIX)Simile:A direct comparison of two unlike things using words such as 'like' or 'as'.

XX)Symbol:An ordinary object,event,animal or person to which we have attached extraordinary meaning and significance.

XXI)Synecdoche:Indicating a person,object etc by letting only a certain part represent the whole.

•#ARRANGEMENT of words:

Words follow each other in a sequence determined by the poet.In order to discuss the arrangements that result,certain terms have been applied to various aspects of this process of arrangment.These sequences have helped us 

many-a-times to determine nature of poem.

I)Point of View:Also called as 'persona',the author's or poet's point of view concentrates on the vantage point of the speaker.

II)Line: Fundamental to the perception of poetry,'line' can be defined as a series of units that do not necessarily correspond to sentences but rather to a series of metrical feet.

III)Verse:One single line of a poem arranged in a metrical pattern.

IV)Stanza:A division of a poem created by arranging the lines into a unit.It is a cluster of verse.

V)Stanza Forms:It can be defined as the names given to describe the no. of lines in a stanzaic unit.For example,couplet(2),tercet(3),quatrain(4),

quintet(5),sestet(6),septet(7) and octave(8).

VI)Rhetorical Question:A question solely for effect,which does not require an answer.It is a means of achieving an emphasis stronger than a direct statement.

VII)Rhyme Scheme:The pattern established by the arrangement of rhymes in a stanza or poem.For example,abab;abcdabcd.

VIII)Enjambment:The continuation of the logical sense -and therefore the grammatical construction-beyond the end of a line of poetry.

IX)Form:It can be defined as the arrangement or method used to convey the content.

Types of Form:

*Open:A poetic form free from regularity and consistency in elements such as rhyme,line length and metrical form.

*Closed:A poetic form subjected to a fixed structure and pattern.

*Blank Verse:A poetic form where there is no specific rhyme scheme.

*Free Verse:Lines with no prescribed pattern or structure.

*Couplet:A pair of lines usually rhymed.This is the shortest stanza.

*Heroic Couplet:A pair of rhymed lines in iambic pentameter.

*Quatrain:A four-line stanza or a grouping of four lines of verse.

X)Fixed Form:A poem which follows a set pattern of meter,rhyme scheme,stanza form and refrain is called a fixed form.

Types of Fixed Form:

*Ballad:A narrative poem written as a series of quatrainsin which lines of iambic tetrameter alternate with iambic trimeter with frequent use of repetition and often including a refrain.

*Balladè:A French form consisting of three,seven or eight line stanzas using no more than three recurrent rhymes with an identical refrain after each stanza.

*Concrete Poetry:Also called as pattern poetry or shaped verse,these are poems that are printed on the page so that they form a recognisable outline related to the subject.

*Epigram:A pithy,sometimes satiric,couplet or quatrain comprising a single thought or event and often aphoristic with a witty or humourous turn of thought.

*Epitaph:A brief poem or statement in memory of someone who is deceased.

*Haiku:A Japanese form of poetry where the piece of writing only consists of three unrhymed poems of five,seven and five syllables.

*Limerick:A light or humourous form of five chiefly anapestic verses of which lines one,two and five are of three feet and lines three and four are of two feet with a rhyme scheme of 'aabba'.

*Lyric:A form of poetry originally intended to be sung.It includes all poems in which the speaker's ardent expression of an emotional element predominates.

*Ode:A form of poetry which is very complex with intricate rhyme scheme as and irregular number of lines.It is generally large in size.

*Pantoum:Derived from the Malayan word 'pantun',it consists of a varying number of four line stanzas with lines rhyming alternately.

*Rondeau:A fixed form used mostly in light or witty verse usually consisting of fifteen desyllabic lines in 3 stanzas.

*Sestina:A fixed form consisting of 6-line,usually unrhymed,stanzas in which the end words of the first stanza recur as end words of following five stanzas.

*Sonnet:A form of poetry having fourteen lines and its subject was traditionally love.

*Shakespearean Sonnet:A style of sonnet used by Shakespeare with a rhyme scheme of 'abab

cdcd efef gg'.

*Italian/Petrarchan Sonnet:A form of sonnet made popular by Petrarch with a rhyme scheme of 'abbaabba cdecde or cdcdcd'.

*Spensarian Sonnet:A variant of the Shakespearean sonnet in which the quatrains are linked with a chain.

*Sonnet Sequence:A series of sonnets in which there is a discernable unifying theme while each realtains its structural independence.

*Triolet:A poem or stanza of eight lines in which the first line repeated as the fourth and seventh lines and second line as the eighth,with a rhyme scheme of 'ABaAabAB'.

*Villanelle:A poem consisting of five 3-line stanzas followed by a quatrain and having only two rhymes.

•#IMAGES of words:

A poet uses words consciously than any other person.Although poetry often deals with deep human emotions,people generally don't respond very strongly to abstract words.Hence,the poet tries to embed his work with words having strong visual and sensory impact on readers' mind.These words must be picked with caution by the writer.

I)Imagery:The use of vivid language to generate ideas and evoke mental images not only of visual sense but of sensation and emotion as well.

II)Synesthesia:An attempt to fuse different senses by describing one kind of sense impression in words.

III)Tone/Mood:The means by which a poet reveals attitude and feelings,in the style of language or expression of thought used to develop the subject.

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Books for Class 12th CBSE in English.

In order to excel in English in any class you need to have some books on the basis of which you can study for the whole year.Let's see some of the books which are a must.

I)NCERT Official Books:

For Class 12th,these are

•Flamingo:This is the primary reader on the basis of which English is taught in the CBSE educational institutions for 12th grade.The book contains both chapters devoted to prose and poetry.There are 14 chapters in all out of which 8 are prose chapters while 6 are poems.

•Vistas:This is the supplementary reader where most of the stories are just for giving the students insight into life.The book is however less important from the perspective of examinations.The book contains chapters only related to prose.

Buy Flamingo and Vistas from Amazon

II)Reference Books:

For Class 12th,these are

•All in One:This is a book by Arihant Publications.This book comes integrated with grammar chapters too.You can get it if you want simple explanations of the chapters.It also comes with some salient features such as test preparation modules,extra questions as well as some previous year questions.The publishers are always the first in the market to bring out the latest edition following the latest guidelines by CBSE.

Buy All in One from Amazon

•Evergreen:This is a book by Evergreen books.The book comes bundled with another book which contains pull-out worksheets for grammar.The book is intended for those who can understand complex terms and want in-depth analysis of everything.The book also contains ncert solutions but in an unsystematic way.The publishers also sometimes heavily delay the publication of the latest edition which may turn into a problem for some students.

•XamIdea:This is a book by VK Global publications.The book too comes with an integrated grammar module.The book,however,isn't consistent in its approach.Sometimes the lessons are beautifully explained whereas sometimes they have ended up explaining an entire chapter wrong.They are brisk in bringing out the latest edition every year according to the latest CBSE guidelines.

*Between all the books,All in One is the best according to us.However,you may opt for the other books as well according to your needs.And buy a reference book only if you feel the genuine need of it.You will be eventually getting better quality texts from this website.Why waste your money?

III)Question Banks:

For class 12th,these are

•Oswaal Question Bank:This book is published by Oswaal books.They simply don't have any competition in the market as of now.You can get one to get access to rigorous practice questions as well as exhaustive mind maps and test papers.

Buy latest Oswaal Question Bank from Amazon

IV)Sample Papers:

For Class 12th,these are

•Oswaal Sample Papers:This book is published by Oswaal books every year.They again are the best in this niche.They have very less competition in the market again.They come bundled with the official CBSE Sample Paper as well as other sample papers both solved and unsolved.

•XamIdea 20+:This book is published by VK Global publishers too.The book is good though most of the sample papers bring questions with them which have never come in the examinations.However,it has more than 20 sample papers.

*Always make sure you get the latest edition of the sample papers as CBSE pattern keeps changing every year.

*Please take English seriously from now on as it

is also calculated as a subject in the Boards and it may ruin your boards.

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